Someone once asked, do you do the questions according to the usual way of analyzing the questions during the test? The answer is NO, time does not allow, and doing the questions during the test is largely based on feeling, which is mainly formed by the thinking of the usual analysis questions. To this end, the following discusses this feeling and analyzes how the questions are actually done during the test.
problem solving steps:
One. see the problem
The questions are divided into: MUST BE TRUE (including SUPPORT THE FOLLOWING)/MIAN POINT (including FILL IN BLANK)/WEAKEN/SUPPORT/JUSTIFY THE CONCLUSION/ASSUMPTION/RESOLVE THE PARADOX/METHOD OF REASONING (including ROLE)/FLAW IN THE REASONING/ PARALLEL REASONING/EVALUATION THE ARGUMENT/CANNOT BE TRUE (including WEAKEN option)/POINT AT ISSUE/PRINCIPLE
Two. Analyze the original text
1. The original text has a conclusion: distinguish the premise, the anti-premise, the additional premise, the intermediate conclusion and the general conclusion, especially the direct premise of the conclusion. The reasoning structure is formed in the brain because (direct premise) so (conclusion). Pay attention to the particularity and specificity of the conclusion
2. The original text is inconclusive: There are mainly three types of MUST BE TRUE/CANNOT BE TRUE/RESOLVE THE DESCREPANCY. For the first two categories, if there is a common point of combination, combine them to see what can be derived. If there are no junctions, remember the information. For the third category, remember the contradiction
Three. Exclude options or find out
1. If some question types and original text characteristics combine to produce predictable answers, go straight to the answer,
2. If you can only predict the general situation of the answer, combine the relevant irrelevant exclusion options
3. The rest are related to irrelevant, exclude options, and the rest are related. The related concepts of various questions are not exactly the same, but generally they are related to the topic being discussed. Then use the TEST of each type to finally confirm or find the correct answer from the confusing last one or two answers.
4. So far, most of the questions can be answered. There are four special types of question types that can be tested by TEST to check whether the selected is correct or choose the correct answer among the remaining confusion items. They are Assumption-Negation Justify-Justify Formula Evaluate-Variance Test Point at Issue-Disagree/Agree
Four. Several special topics
CONDITIONAL CONCLUSION/CONDITIONAL REASONING/CAUSE AND EFFECT CONCLUSION/NUMBERSAND PERCENTAGES (the two are not necessarily related and cannot be confused)/FORMAL LOGIC (there are indicators SOME, ALL, NONE, MOST is the inclusive relationship between SUBJECTs, using the circle method untie)
Five. various questions:
1. MUST BE TRUE
See the original text: If there is a common combination, combine them and see what can be derived. If there are no junctions, remember the information. If there is sufficient and necessary reasoning about the original text, find the starting point of reasoning (either in the original text, or in the question, or in the option), and list the reasoning chain from the starting point. Use this inference chain option to find the answer. Frequently test NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES and sufficient and necessary.
Answer: It is a rewriting of a sentence in the original text or a negative proposition or a combination of certain sentences, especially if the original text has sufficient and necessary reasoning. Pay special attention to the difference in number and probability of words
TEST: FACT TEST. That is, the contents of the options are all from the original text.
2. MAIN CONCLUSION:
See the original text: Find the main conclusion
Answer: A rewrite of the main conclusion of the original text. Must summarise the full text and be MUST BE TRUE.
TEST: When looking for a conclusion in the original text, if there is no demonstrative word, assume that a certain sentence is the conclusion, and see if other sentences are its premise, until the main conclusion is found.
3. WEAKEN
See the original text: find out the conclusion and the premise of the conclusion. Pay special attention to the specificity and specificity of the conclusion.
Find the answer: use the specificity of the conclusion to distinguish the relevant and irrelevant, and combine with TEST. For special classes, first predict the answer, and use this prediction to find the answer
TEST: Ask yourself if the answer makes the author reconsider his point or forces the author to react or does the original premise justify the conclusion.
Several special types:
The original premise and conclusion are not closely related: the correct option directly WEAKEN the conclusion
Causal conclusion: that is, the original text gives two things, and then concludes that one thing (cause) leads to another (effect). WEAKEN's methods for this conclusion include: A. other reasons or may have caused this result. B. Cut off cause and effect: either a cause without an effect or an effect without a cause. C. Cause and effect are reversed. D Information showing causation is inaccurate.
Conditional conclusion: The conclusion is conditional (that is, it is sufficient and necessary). WEAKEN's method shows that the sufficient condition holds, and the necessary condition may not hold. Either give a counter example, or provide relevant information.
The original text is an analogy: the WEAKEN method is essentially different between the two
Survey: Validity is doubted (unrepresentative surveyed, etc.)
4. SUPPORT
Look at the original text to find the answer: same as WEAKEN
TEST: Ask yourself if the options helped the author in some way
several special types
The original premise and conclusion are not closely related: the correct option directly supports the conclusion
Causal conclusion: that is, the original text gives two things, and then concludes that one thing (cause) leads to another (effect). SOPPORT Methods for this conclusion include: A. There is no other reason or possible cause for this result. B. Combining cause and effect: either cause has effect or no effect and no cause. C. Cause and effect are not reversed. D Information showing causality is accurate.
The original text is an analogy: the SUPPORT method is essentially the same for both
Survey: Validity not in doubt (representative of surveyed, etc.)
Hypothesis class support: fill in the GAP in the inference of the original text. Eliminate the reasoning flaws in the original text. causal conclusion. Conditional conclusions often take the form of hypotheses
5. ASSUMPTION
See the original text: same as WEAKEN. For sufficient and necessary, list the chain of reasoning.
Find the answer: There are two types of answers: SUPPORT (to fill in the concept of reasoning GAP), DEFENDER (to exclude the possibility of WEAKEN conclusion, that is, to exclude other causes). Read the original text, if there is a conceptual GAP in the reasoning (especially if there is a new element in the answer), then the answer fills the GAP (usually new elements must appear), otherwise, find another cause and exclude the WEAKNESS in the reasoning. Finally, use TEST to test or eliminate confusing answers. For the latter category, it is sometimes better to use related irrelevance, use the specificity and particularity of the conclusion to divide the related irrelevance, and use TEST to exclude the rest.
DENIAL TEST: If the option is negated, if the original conclusion does not hold, it is the correct option.
Several special types:
Causal conclusions: ASSUMPTION's methods include: A. No other cause or possible cause of this result. B. Combining cause and effect: either cause has effect or no effect and no cause. C. Cause and effect are not reversed. D Information showing causality is accurate.
Conditional conclusion: The conclusion is conditional (that is, it is sufficient and necessary). ASSUMPTION's method excludes situations where sufficient conditions are present and necessary conditions are not present. Either the sufficient conditions must be able to deduce the necessary conditions, or the possibility that the sufficient conditions cannot be deduced from the necessary conditions is excluded.
The original text is an analogy: the ASSUMPTION method is not essentially different between the two
Survey: positive validity (representative of respondents, etc.)
6. JUSTIFY THE CONCLUSIONH
Look at the original text: Because 100 CERTAINTY is required, the original text type is mostly sufficient and necessary or NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES. Draw a chain of reasoning or find new elements of a conclusion
Find the answer: Use the new element or reasoning chain that appears in the original conclusion or the calculation result of NUMBERS ADNPERCENTAGES to find the answer, and then combine TEST to eliminate the confusing options that are necessary and necessary to reverse.
TEST: PREMISE + ANSWER CHOICE = CONCLUSION
7. RESOLVE THE PARADOX
Look at the original text: Find contradictions or strange phenomena in the original text
Find the answer: use the relevant irrelevance to exclude the answer, and the specific contradictory thing is irrelevant, combined with TEST.
TEST: The answer must be such that the things that contradict the original text are not contradictory or both are true, both true
8. METHOD OF REASONING (including ROLE)
Look at the original text: find the reasoning structure of the original text
Find the answer: use the exclusion method. Exclude options for things not mentioned in the original text, including new elements, extreme or exaggerated elements, opposite elements, and reversed elements. Combine TEST
TEST: The options describe the structure of the original text, and each element must appear in the original text.
ROLE: Analyze the structure of the original text, that is, the role of a sentence in the original text, and the answer is correct. The structural elements of the original text include the premise, the anti-premise, the additional premise, the sub-conclusion, and the main conclusion. For paragraphs with two conclusions, many main conclusions are in the first sentence, sub-conclusions (SUBSIDARY, SECONDATY, INTERMEDIATE, SUPPORTING CONCLUSION) are at the end and have demonstrative words
9. FLAW IN THE REASONING
See the original: find the original error
Find the answer: Describe the error in the original text as the answer. Described factors that are not in the original text are incorrect answers
TEST: Describe the reasoning errors in the original text, each element must have appeared in the original text.
10. PARALLEL REASONING
Look at the original text: find out the form of reasoning in the original text (causal reasoning, sufficient and necessary, analogy, circular reasoning, etc.), the characteristics of the conclusion and premise (CERTAINTY LEVEL), the validity of reasoning (if the question says there is a reasoning defect, the options should also have corresponding reasoning flaws, no reasoning flaws if not stated)
Find the answer: Match the above four factors with the answer (absolute with absolute, opinion with opinion, condition with condition, MUST, COULD, MANY, SOME, NEVER with corresponding words)
11. EVALUATION THE ARGUMENT
See the original text: same as WEAKEN.
Find the answer: use the specificity of the conclusion to distinguish the relevant and irrelevant, and combine the TEST
TEST: VARIANCE TEST. The opposite answer to the answer can WEAKEN and SUPPORT the original conclusion
12. CANNOT BE TRUE
See the original text: the same as MUST BE TRUE. If there are common joints, combine them and see what can be derived. If there are no junctions, remember the information. If there is sufficient and necessary reasoning about the original text, find the starting point of reasoning (either in the original text, or in the question, or in the option), and list the reasoning chain from the starting point. Use this inference chain option to find the answer. Frequently test NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES and sufficient and necessary.
Find the answer: It contradicts a certain sentence or a combination of certain sentences in the original text. Pay particular attention to the difference in number and probability of words.
TEST: FACT TEST. That is, the contents of the options are all contradictory to the original text. There is an option error for an element not mentioned in the original text.
13. POINT AT ISSUE
Look at the original text: Find out the conclusion and premise of the speaker, especially the conclusion. Most of the differences are opinions, and a few are the premise.
Find the answer: Use one of the conclusions as the irrelevant exclusion must-error option, and then use the other conclusion to find the most comprehensive answer. For the speaker's conclusion to be MORA or ETHICAL, the answer to FACTUAL SITUATION must be wrong, and vice versa. Combine TEST
TEST: AGREE/DISAGREE. One of them says "I AGREE, THE STATEMENT IS CORRECT" and the other must say "I DISAGREE, THE STATEMENT IS INCORRECT".
14. PRINCIPLE
Look at the problem: the principle is the original or the option
See the original: If the principle is in the original, find the conditions of the principle. If the principle is in the options, identify the conclusion and deduce the immediate premises of the conclusion.
Find the answer: For those whose principles are in the original text, directly compare the conditions with the options, and those that meet the conditions are the answers. For the premise of the principle in the option, the conclusion and the option will be compared to see if it is within the option principle.
Comments